Avoid Moldy Corn in Horse Feed
by: Kentucky Equine Research Inc.
March 01 2010, Article # 15900
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Farmers across the Midwest struggled last year to harvest their crops in what turned out to be an unseasonably wet autumn. These conditions led to reports of widespread mold in this year's corn crop. Moldy corn is a hazard for all species of livestock, but horses are particularly sensitive to certain toxins produced in moldy corn.
Fumonisin is a toxic substance produced by at least two species of fungus-Fusarium verticillioides (an older synonym is moniliforme) and Fusarium proliferatum-that grow on corn. Unlike some fungus or mold species that cause problems in stored grain, fusarium grows on corn plants before they are harvested. Stress from weather or insect damage can make plants more susceptible. In wet growing seasons or areas with high humidity, close to 100% of the plants may be affected.
The effects of fumonisin contamination are considerably more hazardous to horses than other livestock. When fed corn contaminated with fumonisins for a period of several days to a few weeks, horses are at risk for the neurologic syndrome equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM), also known as blind staggers or moldy corn poisoning.
The first sign of ELEM is reduced feed intake, which is typically followed by a battery of neurologic signs: disorientation, head pressing, ataxia, hyperexcitability, blindness, and depression, among others. Once neurologic signs are expressed, ELEM is generally fatal.
Pathological examination typically reveals softened and liquefied cerebral hemispheres as well as muscular melting with accompanying cardiac failure.
In 2001, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration recommended that total fumonisins should not exceed five parts per million in horse feed and that corn should make up no more than 20% of the nonforage portion of the diet.
Corn that has been exposed to optimal growing and harvesting conditions may have very little fumonisin contamination. On the flip side, corn with extensive water and insect damage might have individual kernels that register a fumonisin level of 700 ppm or more. Because moldy kernels tend to break easily, corn screenings are likely to contain high levels of fumonisin and should never be included in horse feed.
Testing
Feed manufacturers that sell corn directly to horse owners or sell horse feed containing corn should conduct grain testing to ensure that fumonisin levels are well below detrimental levels.
Fumonisin-contaminated corn kernels might or might not reveal contamination on visual appraisal. Infected kernels are often off-colored, exhibiting a salmon or red discoloration on the kernel cap. White streaks radiating from the tops of kernels, called starbursting, is another sign indicative of fusarium infection. Other fungi may cause similar signs, so definitive testing should be conducted.
The black light test commonly used to find other mycotoxins in grain does not detect fumonisin. High-performance liquid chromatography screening, available through many universities and commercial laboratories, is routinely used for fumonisin detection.
Alternative Ingredients
There are a number of ingredients that can be substituted for corn in horse feeds if a safe supply of corn is unavailable. Which ingredients are selected as replacements will depend on availability, price, and the intended use of the product.
Typically, corn is added to a formula as a source of energy, so the energy density of replacement ingredients is an important consideration.
Oats would be the first choice as a replacement grain for corn. Since oats are lower in nonstructural carbohydrates and higher in neutral detergent fiber, they tend to be about 85% as energy dense as corn. The starch in oats, however, is much more digestible than corn starch, so it does not necessarily require processing.
Direct substitution of oats for corn as 25% of a feed formula will result in a decrease in energy density of about 0.07 Mcal/lb. Adding a small amount of extra vegetable oil (1.6%) will make the formulas isocaloric.
Barley is another cereal grain that is commonly used as a substitute for corn. Barley is closer to having the energy density of corn and can, therefore, be used as a one-to-one replacement for corn in a formula. However, raw barley starch is poorly digested by horses, so it should be steam rolled before being used in horse feed. It should be noted that barley can also be contaminated with fusarium toxins, and barley supplies, particularly from the mid-Atlantic states, should also be tested.
Wheat middlings can also serve as a replacement for corn. Wheat middlings are typically about as energy dense as oats, but they are considerably higher in protein than corn, so it might be necessary to adjust the other protein sources if wheat middlings are the sole replacement ingredient used. Additionally, wheat middlings need to be added to the pelleted portion of a horse formula since they create too many fines when added to a loose mix.
There are also two noncereal replacement ingredients for corn. Sugar beet pulp is a byproduct of the sugar beet industry made by drying the residual pulp after the sugar has been extracted. It contains a high percentage of fermentable fiber, and its digestible energy content is 81% of corn. Beet pulp shreds can be added to a loose mix, but they should be coated with molasses and/or vegetable oil to reduce the possibility of horses choking.
Soy hulls, which are the seed coat of the soybean, are another source of highly fermentable fiber. Soy hulls contain around 74% of the digestible energy found in corn. They should be added to the pelleted portion of a horse feed.
Corn remains a staple ingredient in feed formulations, but alternate energy sources can be used if safe supplies are not available.
martes, 26 de octubre de 2010
Como leer las etiquetas de los alimentos:
How to Decode a Horse Feed Ingredients Tag
Horses and horse .
The tag on your horse’s feed will provide you with the information you need to ascertain what the ingredients are, how much to feed to the animal, and savvy shoppers will also be able to tell a lot about the quality of the feed.
Yet did you know that not all tags are similar? There is a bit of a mystery surrounding the proper reading and understanding of feed tags, and here are some tips on how to make heads and tails of what you are reading:
If the tag lists an extensive list of nutrients as well as ingredients, you are dealing with a feed that is often referred to as a “fixed formula,” and the upside of using such a feed rests in the fact that it will permit for consistent feeding, since the formula is not changing.
Remember that – unless stated specifically – you will not be able to ascertain the quality of the ingredients from the list. Oats come in different bushel weights but unless your tag tells you what weight was used, all you know is that there are oats in the feed bag. Protein may come for a variety of sources, but not all of them are considered beneficial. One tip for those who are concerned about the quality of the protein in their feed: check for the lysine level guarantee. While the amount of the protein is important, the amino acid content ensures digestibility which is key to the horse’s ability to use the nutrients you are feeding. Generally speaking, soybean meal is an excellent protein source for adult horses, while milk proteins are used for young horses.
Protein level, fat percentage and energy are also listed on the tag and are of vital importance to your horse’s overall wellbeing. Keep in mind, however, that the amount of energy listed cannot be broken down into digestible energy and the indigestible kind! Thus, it is wisest to make an overall determination on the digestibility of the energy by turning a critical eye at the fat and fiber contained in the feed. As a general rule of thumb, the more fat and the less fiber a feed contains, the more digestible energy is contained therein.
While consumers like to comparison shop in the supermarket, trying to compare tags at the feed store is like comparing apples and oranges. Manufacturers do not use the same energy values for similar ingredients, nor do they use the same unit measurements.
Keep an eye on the presentation of the feed. Corn that is steam-flaked will provide your horse with a higher amount of digestible energy than a similar amount of simply cracked corn.
Check out the mineral sources, since digestibility varies widely. Sulfates are more digestible than carbonates, yet organic mineral sources are more digestible than sulfates – but they are also more expensive. If you do not mind spending the money, look for a tag listing of “chelate” and “proteinate.”
Vitamins need to be a part of a good feed. Make sure the tag lists thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, choline, folic acid, pyridoxine, biotin and B-12 as ingredients.
Following these simple tips will keep your horse well fed.
Horses and horse .
The tag on your horse’s feed will provide you with the information you need to ascertain what the ingredients are, how much to feed to the animal, and savvy shoppers will also be able to tell a lot about the quality of the feed.
Yet did you know that not all tags are similar? There is a bit of a mystery surrounding the proper reading and understanding of feed tags, and here are some tips on how to make heads and tails of what you are reading:
If the tag lists an extensive list of nutrients as well as ingredients, you are dealing with a feed that is often referred to as a “fixed formula,” and the upside of using such a feed rests in the fact that it will permit for consistent feeding, since the formula is not changing.
Remember that – unless stated specifically – you will not be able to ascertain the quality of the ingredients from the list. Oats come in different bushel weights but unless your tag tells you what weight was used, all you know is that there are oats in the feed bag. Protein may come for a variety of sources, but not all of them are considered beneficial. One tip for those who are concerned about the quality of the protein in their feed: check for the lysine level guarantee. While the amount of the protein is important, the amino acid content ensures digestibility which is key to the horse’s ability to use the nutrients you are feeding. Generally speaking, soybean meal is an excellent protein source for adult horses, while milk proteins are used for young horses.
Protein level, fat percentage and energy are also listed on the tag and are of vital importance to your horse’s overall wellbeing. Keep in mind, however, that the amount of energy listed cannot be broken down into digestible energy and the indigestible kind! Thus, it is wisest to make an overall determination on the digestibility of the energy by turning a critical eye at the fat and fiber contained in the feed. As a general rule of thumb, the more fat and the less fiber a feed contains, the more digestible energy is contained therein.
While consumers like to comparison shop in the supermarket, trying to compare tags at the feed store is like comparing apples and oranges. Manufacturers do not use the same energy values for similar ingredients, nor do they use the same unit measurements.
Keep an eye on the presentation of the feed. Corn that is steam-flaked will provide your horse with a higher amount of digestible energy than a similar amount of simply cracked corn.
Check out the mineral sources, since digestibility varies widely. Sulfates are more digestible than carbonates, yet organic mineral sources are more digestible than sulfates – but they are also more expensive. If you do not mind spending the money, look for a tag listing of “chelate” and “proteinate.”
Vitamins need to be a part of a good feed. Make sure the tag lists thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, choline, folic acid, pyridoxine, biotin and B-12 as ingredients.
Following these simple tips will keep your horse well fed.
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